﻿var homeTitle="Elementer: Det Periodiske System"
var homeHeader="Periodiske System"
var home="Startside"
var compare="Sammenlign"
var settings="Indstillinger"
var list="Liste"
var translate="Oversæt"
var translation="Oversættelse"
var about="Om"
var general="Generelt"
var version="Version"
var developed="Udviklet af Naveen CS"
var credits="Tak til"
var search="Søgning"
var translateLong="Hjælp med at oversætte denne app til dit sprog"
var language="Sprog"
var languages="Understøttede sprog"
var sysLanguage="System sprog"
var restartApp="Genstart appen for at ændre sprog"
var privacy="Privatlivspolitik"
var privacyFull="Denne app indhenter, eller lagrer, ingen brugerdata"
var noResults="Ingen elementer matcher din søgning"
var results="Resultater for"
var element="element"
var elements="elementer"
var rate="Bedøm"
var contact="Kontakt os"
var upgrade="Opgradér"
var upgradeLong="Opgradér for ekstra funktioner"
var features="Funktioner"
var ratingHeader="Nyder du applikationen?"
var ratingContent="Vi ville elske det hvis du bedømte vores app 5 stjerner"
var send="Send"
var feedback="Send Feedback"
var premiumMsg="Køb venligst opgraderingen for at få nedenstående funktioner"
var premiumAds="Fjern alle reklamer"
var premiumBackground="Indstil baggrunden"
var premiumIsotopes="Se detaljeret information om isotoper"
var premiumImages="Se flere billeder for hvert element"
var premiumcustomize="Tilpas det periodiske systems udseende"
var premiumShortcuts="Modify the shortcut keys for the page navigation"
var upgradeAvailable="* Tilgængelig med opgraderingen"
var feedBackFull="Fortæl os om din oplevelse eller foreslå hvordan vi kan lave den endnu bedre"
var close="Luk"
var on="Til"
var off="Fra"
var imgCredits="Billede akkrediteringer"
var changelog="Versionsnoter"
var theme="Tema"
var themeLight="Lyst"
var themeDark="Mørkt"
var background="Baggrund"
var accentColor="Use my Windows accent color"
var printables="Printables"
var download="Download"
var discovered="Opdaget"
var BC="f.Kr."
var line1="Elements: The Periodic Table provides comprehensive and useful information about the chemical elements all in one place."
var line2="Click on an element to know more about the properties, history, name origin, images, applications, hazards and electron shell diagram of each element."
var feature1="Visually pleasing color coded table"
var feature2="Simple fluid design and has lots of details"
var feature3="Detailed description for each element"
var feature4="View the list of all elements in the alphabetical order"
var feature5="Electron shell diagram and image for each element"
var feature6="Compare the properties of 2 elements"
var feature7="Search for the elements using their symbol, atomic number or name"
var feature8="Detailed information on major isotopes"
var feature9="Links to informative websites for further study"
var feature10="Works offline, no internet connection required"
var group="Gruppe"
var period="Periode"
var block="Blok"
var store="Store"
var image="Image"
var imageMore="Flere billeder"
var properties="Properties"
var uses="Applications"
var hist="History"
var labelGeneralProp="General Properties"
var labelPhysicalProp="Physical Properties"
var labelAtomicProp="Atomic Properties"
var labelUsesMain="Main Applications"
var labelLinksMain="Important Links"
var appearance="Appearance"
var shortcuts="Shortcuts"
var suggestions="Suggestions"
var more="Mere"
var website="Websted"
var tableWidth="Table Width"
var sortNumber="Sort by number"
var sortName="Sort by name"
var sortSymbol="Sort by symbol"
var labelName="Navn"
var labelSymbol="Symbol"
var labelAtmNoMain="Atomnummer"
var labelAtmWtMain="Atommasse"
var labelMassNum="Mass Number"
var labelCategoryMain="Kategori"
var labelColorMain="Farve"
var labelRadioMain="Radioactive"
var labelStructureMain="Krystalstruktur"
var labelPhaseMain="Tilstandsform"
var labelDensityMain="Massefylde"
var labelMeltingMain="Smeltepunkt"
var labelBoilingMain="Kogepunkt"
var labelSpecificMain="Varmefylde"
var labelFusionMain="Smeltevarme"
var labelVaporizationMain="Fordampningsvarme"
var labelRadiusMain="Atomradius"
var labelCovalentMain="Kovalent radius"
var labelVanderMain="Van der Waals radius"
var labelElectronegativityMain="Elektronegativitet"
var pauling="Paulings skala"
var labelIonizationMain="Ionization Potential"
var labelVolumeMain="Atomic Volume"
var labelThermalMain="Varmeledningsevne"
var labelOxidationMain="Oxidationstrin"
var temperature="Temperatur"
var tempCelsius="Celsius"
var tempFahrenheit="Fahrenheit"
var labelDensity="g/cm<sup>3</sup>"
var labelSpecific="J/g·K"
var labelFusion="kJ/mol"
var labelIonization="eV"
var labelVolume="cm<sup>3</sup>/mol"
var labelThermal="W/cm·K"
var labelResistivityMain="Electrical Resistivity"
var labelOrderingMain="Magnetic Ordering"
var labelSuscepMain="Magnetic Susceptibility"
var labelYoungMain="Young's Modulus"
var labelShearMain="Shear Modulus"
var labelBulkMain="Bulk Modulus"
var labelPoissonMain="Poisson Ratio"
var labelCASMain="CAS Number"
var labelConfigMain="Elektronkonfiguration"
var labelElectronsMain="Elektroner i hver skal"
var isotopes="Isotoper"
var stableIsotopes="Stable Isotopes"
var unstableIsotopes="Unstable Isotopes"
var mass="Masse"
var abundance="Forekomst"
var halfLife="Halveringstid"
var modeOfDecay="Mode of decay"
var protons="Protons"
var neutrons="Neutrons"
var electrons="Electrons"
var years="år"
var days="dage"
var hours="timer"
var minutes="minutter"
var seconds="sekunder"
var alphaDecay="Alfahenfald"
var betaDecay="Betahenfald"
var protonEmission="Protonemission"
var positronEmission="Positron emission"
var neutronEmission="Neutronemission"
var electronCapture="Elektronindfangning"
var spontaneousFission="Spontan fission"
var stable="Stabil"
var labelCrustMain="Abundance in Earth's crust"
var labelUniverseMain="Abundance in Universe"
var cat1="Alkalimetaller"
var cat2="Jordalkalimetaller"
var cat3="Overgangsmetaller"
var cat4="Post-overgangsmetaller"
var cat5="Andre ikke-metaller"
var cat6="Halvmetaller"
var cat7="Halogener"
var cat8="Ædelgasser"
var lanthanides="Lantanider"
var actinides="Actinider"
var phaseSolid="Fast stof"
var phaseLiquid="Væske"
var phaseGas="Gas"
var unknown="Ukendt"
var colorLess="Colorless"
var colorSilver="Silver"
var colorSlateGray="Slate Gray"
var colorBlack="Sort"
var colorGray="Grå"
var colorYellow="Gul"
var colorCopper="Copper"
var colorRed="Rød"
var colorGold="Gold"
var crystalSH="Simpel Hexagonal"
var crystalSC="Simpel Kubisk"
var crystalFCC="Fladecentreret Kubisk"
var crystalBCC="Rumcentreret Kubisk"
var crystalSM="Simpel Monoklin"
var crystalBCM="Endecentreret Monoklin"
var crystalSO="Simpel Orthohombisk"
var crystalFCO="Fladecentreret Orthohombisk"
var crystalBCO="Endecentreret Orthohombisk"
var crystalSTG="Simpel Trigonal"
var crystalSTC="Simpel Triklin"
var crystalCT="Rumcentreret Tetragonal"
var crystalTP="Tetrahedral Packing"
var na="n/a"
var yes="Ja"
var no="Nej"
var newContent="New"
var wikiLink="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
var wiki="Wikipedia"
var hydrogen="Brint"
var helium="Helium"
var lithium="Lithium"
var beryllium="Beryllium"
var boron="Bor"
var carbon="Carbon"
var nitrogen="Nitrogen"
var oxygen="Oxygen"
var fluorine="Fluor"
var neon="Neon"
var sodium="Natrium"
var magnesium="Magnesium"
var aluminium="Aluminium"
var silicon="Silicium"
var phosphorus="Fosfor"
var sulfur="Svovl"
var chlorine="Klor"
var argon="Argon"
var potassium="Kalium"
var calcium="Calcium"
var scandium="Scandium"
var titanium="Titan"
var vanadium="Vanadium"
var chromium="Krom"
var manganese="Mangan"
var iron="Jern"
var cobalt="Kobolt"
var nickel="Nikkel"
var copper="Kobber"
var zinc="Zink"
var gallium="Gallium"
var germanium="Germanium"
var arsenic="Arsen"
var selenium="Selenium"
var bromine="Brom"
var krypton="Krypton"
var rubidium="Rubidium"
var strontium="Strontium"
var yttrium="Yttrium"
var zirconium="Zirconium"
var niobium="Niobium"
var molybdenum="Molybdenum"
var technetium="Technetium"
var ruthenium="Ruthenium"
var rhodium="Rhodium"
var palladium="Palladium"
var silver="Sølv"
var cadmium="Cadmium"
var indium="Indium"
var tin="Tin"
var antimony="Antimon"
var tellurium="Tellur"
var iodine="Jod"
var xenon="Xenon"
var caesium="Cæsium"
var barium="Barium"
var lanthanum="Lanthanum"
var cerium="Cerium"
var praseodymium="Praseodymium"
var neodymium="Neodymium"
var promethium="Promethium"
var samarium="Samarium"
var europium="Europium"
var gadolinium="Gadolinium"
var terbium="Terbium"
var dysprosium="Dysprosium"
var holmium="Holmium"
var erbium="Erbium"
var thulium="Thulium"
var ytterbium="Ytterbium"
var lutetium="Lutetium"
var hafnium="Hafnium"
var tantalum="Tantalum"
var tungsten="Wolfram"
var rhenium="Rhenium"
var osmium="Osmium"
var iridium="Iridium"
var platinum="Platin"
var gold="Guld"
var mercury="Kviksølv"
var thallium="Thallium"
var lead="Bly"
var bismuth="Bismuth"
var polonium="Polonium"
var astatine="Astat"
var radon="Radon"
var francium="Francium"
var radium="Radium"
var actinium="Actinium"
var thorium="Thorium"
var protactinium="Protactinium"
var uranium="Uranium"
var neptunium="Neptunium"
var plutonium="Plutonium"
var americium="Americium"
var curium="Curium"
var berkelium="Berkelium"
var californium="Californium"
var einsteinium="Einsteinium"
var fermium="Fermium"
var mendelevium="Mendelevium"
var nobelium="Nobelium"
var lawrencium="Lawrencium"
var rutherfordium="Rutherfordium"
var dubnium="Dubnium"
var seaborgium="Seaborgium"
var bohrium="Bohrium"
var hassium="Hassium"
var meitnerium="Meitnerium"
var darmstadtium="Darmstadtium"
var roentgenium="Røntgenium"
var copernicium="Copernicium"
var nihonium="Nihonium"
var flerovium="Flerovium"
var moscovium="Moscovium"
var livermorium="Livermorium"
var tennessine="Tennessine"
var oganesson="Oganesson"
var enTrans="Engelsk"
var esTrans="Spansk"
var ptTrans="Portugisisk"
var frTrans="Fransk"
var ruTrans="Russisk"
var beTrans="Hviderussisk"
var idTrans="Indonesisk"
var skTrans="Slovakisk"
var csTrans="Tjekkisk"
var itTrans="Italiensk"
var huTrans="Ungarsk"
var deTrans="Tysk"
var jaTrans="Japansk"
var plTrans="Polsk"
var trTrans="Tyrkisk"
var nnTrans="Norsk"
var sqTrans="Albansk"
var arTrans="Arabisk"
var azTrans="Aserbajdsjansk"
var bgTrans="Bulgarsk"
var caTrans="Catalansk"
var zhTrans="Kinesisk (Forenklet)"
var chTrans="Kinesisk (Traditionelt)"
var hrTrans="Kroatisk"
var daTrans="Dansk"
var nlTrans="Nederlandsk"
var etTrans="Estisk"
var filTrans="Filippinsk"
var fiTrans="Finsk"
var elTrans="Græsk"
var heTrans="Hebraisk"
var hiTrans="Hindi"
var kkTrans="Kasakhisk"
var koTrans="Koreansk"
var lvTrans="Lettisk"
var ltTrans="Litauisk"
var mkTrans="Makedonsk"
var msTrans="Malaysisk"
var faTrans="Persisk"
var roTrans="Rumænsk"
var srTrans="Serbisk"
var slTrans="Slovensk"
var svTrans="Svensk"
var thTrans="Thai"
var ukTrans="Ukrainsk"
var uzTrans="Usbekisk"
var viTrans="Vietnamesisk"
var afTrans="Afrikaans"
var isTrans="Islandsk"
var swTrans="Swahili"
var eoTrans="Esperanto"

var ele1Reason="From the Greek word <i>hydro</i> (water), and <i>genes</i> (forming)"
var ele2Reason="From the Greek word <i>helios</i>, the sun"
var ele3Reason="From the Greek word <i>lithos</i>, stone"
var ele4Reason="From the Greek word <i>beryllos</i>, beryl"
var ele5Reason="From the Arabic word <i>Buraq</i>, Persian <i>Burah</i>"
var ele6Reason="From the Latin word <i>carbo</i>, charcoal"
var ele7Reason="From the Latin word <i>nitrum</i>, Greek <i>Nitron</i>, native soda; and <i>genes</i>, forming"
var ele8Reason="From the Greek word <i>oxys</i>, acid, and <i>genes</i>, forming"
var ele9Reason="From the Latin and French <i>fluere</i>, flow or flux"
var ele10Reason="From the Greek word <i>neos</i>, new"
var ele11Reason="From the English word, <i>soda</i>; Medieval Latin, <i>sodanum</i>: a headache remedy"
var ele12Reason="From Magnesia, district in Thessaly"
var ele13Reason="From the Latin word <i>alumen</i>, alum"
var ele14Reason="From the Latin word <i>silex</i>, silicis, flint"
var ele15Reason="From the Greek <i>phosphoros</i>, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise"
var ele16Reason="Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone"
var ele17Reason="From the Greek word <i>chloro</i>, greenish yellow"
var ele18Reason="From the Greek <i>argos</i>, inactive"
var ele19Reason="From the English word, <i>potash</i> - pot ashes; Latin <i>kalium</i>, Arab <i>qali</i>, alkali"
var ele20Reason="From the Latin word <i>calx</i>, lime"
var ele21Reason="From the Latin word <i>Scandia</i>, Scandinavia"
var ele22Reason="From the Latin <i>titans</i>, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology"
var ele23Reason="Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis"
var ele24Reason="From the Greek word <i>chroma</i>, color"
var ele25Reason="From the Latin word <i>magnes</i>, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite"
var ele26Reason="From the Latin word <i>ferrum</i>"
var ele27Reason="From the German word <i>Kobald</i>, goblin or evil spirit; also from the Greek <i>cobalos</i>, mine"
var ele28Reason="From the German word <i>Nickel</i> (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper"
var ele29Reason="From the Latin word <i>cuprum</i>, from the island of Cyprus"
var ele30Reason="From the German word <i>Zink</i>, of obscure origin"
var ele31Reason="From the Latin word <i>Gallia</i>, France; also from Latin, <i>gallus</i>, a translation of Lecoq, a cock"
var ele32Reason="From the Latin word <i>Germania</i>, Germany"
var ele33Reason="From the Latin word <i>arsenicum</i>, Greek <i>arsenikon</i>"
var ele34Reason="From the Greek word <i>Selene</i>, moon"
var ele35Reason="From the Greek word <i>bromos</i>, stench"
var ele36Reason="From the Greek word <i>kryptos</i>, hidden"
var ele37Reason="From the Latin word <i>rubidus</i>, deepest red"
var ele38Reason="Named after Strontian, a town in Scotland"
var ele39Reason="Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm"
var ele40Reason="From the Persian <i>zargun</i>, gold like"
var ele41Reason="Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu"
var ele42Reason="From the Greek word <i>molybdo</i>, lead"
var ele43Reason="From the Greek word <i>technetos</i>, artificial"
var ele44Reason="From the Latin word <i>Ruthenia</i>, Russia"
var ele45Reason="From the Greek word <i>rhodon</i>, rose"
var ele46Reason="Palladium was named after the asteroid Pallas; Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom"
var ele47Reason="The Latin word for silver is <i>argentum</i>"
var ele48Reason="From the Latin word <i>cadmia</i>, Greek <i>kadmeia</i> - the ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate"
var ele49Reason="From the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum"
var ele50Reason="The Latin word for tin is stannum"
var ele51Reason="From the Greek word <i>anti</i> plus <i>monos</i> - a metal not found alone"
var ele52Reason="From the Latin word <i>tellus</i>, earth"
var ele53Reason="From the Greek word <i>iodes</i>, violet"
var ele54Reason="From the Greek word <i>xenon</i>, stranger"
var ele55Reason="From the Latin word <i>caesius</i>, sky blue"
var ele56Reason="From the Greek word <i>barys</i>, heavy"
var ele57Reason="From the Greek word <i>lanthanein</i>, to lie hidden"
var ele58Reason="Cerium was named for the asteroid Ceres"
var ele59Reason="From the Greek word <i>prasios</i>, green, and <i>didymos</i>, twin"
var ele60Reason="From the Greek word <i>neos</i> meaning new, and <i>didymos</i>, twin"
var ele61Reason="Named after the Greek <i>Prometheus</i>, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven"
var ele62Reason="From <i>samarskite</i>, a mineral named after Russian mine official, Col. Samarski"
var ele63Reason="Europium was named after Europe"
var ele64Reason="From <i>gadolinite</i>, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist"
var ele65Reason="Terbium was named after Ytterby, a town in Sweden"
var ele66Reason="From the Greek word <i>dysprositos</i>, meaning hard to get at"
var ele67Reason="From the Latin word <i>Holmia</i> meaning Stockholm"
var ele68Reason="Erbium was named after Ytterby, a town in Sweden"
var ele69Reason="Named after <i>Thule</i>, the earliest name for Scandinavia"
var ele70Reason="Ytterbium was named after Ytterby, a town in Sweden"
var ele71Reason="Lutetia is the ancient name for Paris"
var ele72Reason="From <i>Hafinia</i>, the Latin name for Copenhagen"
var ele73Reason="Named after <i>Tantalos</i>, a Greek mythological character, father of Niobe"
var ele74Reason="From Swedish, <i>tung sten</i> meaning heavy stone"
var ele75Reason="From the Latin word <i>Rhenus</i> meaning Rhine"
var ele76Reason="From the Greek word <i>osme</i>, meaning smell"
var ele77Reason="From the Latin word <i>iris</i> meaning rainbow"
var ele78Reason="From the Spanish word <i>platina</i>, meaning silver"
var ele79Reason="From the Latin word <i>aurum</i> meaning gold"
var ele80Reason="From the Latin word <i>hydrargyrum</i> meaning liquid silver"
var ele81Reason="From Greek <i>thallos</i>, meanin a green shoot or twig"
var ele82Reason="From the Latin word <i>plumbum</i>"
var ele83Reason="From the German <i>Weisse Masse</i>, meaning white mass"
var ele84Reason="Named after Poland, native country of Madam Curie"
var ele85Reason="From the Greek <i>astatos</i> meaning unstable"
var ele86Reason="The name was derived from <i>radium</i>; called niton at first, from the Latin word <i>nitens</i> meaning shining"
var ele87Reason="Francium was named after France"
var ele88Reason="From the Latin word <i>radius</i> meaning ray"
var ele89Reason="From the Greek <i>aktis, aktinos</i>, meaning beam or ray"
var ele90Reason="Named after <i>Thor</i>, Scandinavian god of war"
var ele91Reason="From the Greek <i>protos</i> meaning first"
var ele92Reason="Named after the planet Uranus"
var ele93Reason="Named after the planet Neptune"
var ele94Reason="Named after the planet Pluto"
var ele95Reason="Named after America"
var ele96Reason="Curium is named after Madame Curie and her husband Pierre Curie"
var ele97Reason="Named after Berkeley, California, the city of its discovery"
var ele98Reason="Named after California and the University of California"
var ele99Reason="Named after Albert Einstein"
var ele100Reason="Named after Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics"
var ele101Reason="Named after Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the Periodic Table"
var ele102Reason="Named after of Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist who discovered dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prizes"
var ele103Reason="Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron"
var ele104Reason="Named after Ernest Rutherford, the physicist and chemist from New Zealand"
var ele105Reason="Named after the Russian town of Dubna"
var ele106Reason="Named after Glenn Seaborg, American nuclear chemist and Nobel prize winner"
var ele107Reason="Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist"
var ele108Reason="From the Latin word <i>Hassias</i> meaning Hess, the German state"
var ele109Reason="Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist"
var ele110Reason="Named after the German city of Darmstadt"
var ele111Reason="Named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the German physicist"
var ele112Reason="Named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus"
var ele113Reason="The name comes from the common Japanese name for Japan"
var ele114Reason="Named after the founder of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, the Soviet physicist Georgy Flyorov"
var ele115Reason="Named after Moscow Oblast where Dubna is located"
var ele116Reason="Named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, within the city of Livermore, California"
var ele117Reason="Named after the region of Tennessee"
var ele118Reason="Named after the Russian nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian"

var ele1History="Henry Cavendish was the first to distinguish hydrogen from other gases in 1766 when he prepared it by reacting hydrochloric acid with zinc.<br><br>In 1670, English scientist Robert Boyle had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals.<br><br>French scientist Antoine Lavoisier later named the element hydrogen in 1783."
var ele2History="French astronomer Jules Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868.<br><br>Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element.<br><br>In 1895, Sir William Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite.<br><br>It was independently discovered in cleveite by Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet."
var ele3History="Lithium was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817 when he was analyzing minerals from the island of Uto in Sweden.<br><br>The pure metal was isolated the following year by both Swedish chemist William Thomas Brande and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy working independently.<br><br>In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen."
var ele4History="Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered beryllium in the oxide form in both beryl and emeralds in 1798.<br><br>Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride.<br><br>The first commercially-successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt."
var ele5History="Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard.<br><br>Boron was not recognized as an element until it was isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard.<br><br>Jöns Jakob Berzelius identified boron as an element in 1824."
var ele6History="Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations.<br><br>In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water.<br><br>In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite burned to form carbon dioxide and so must be another form of carbon."
var ele7History="Nitrogen is considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.<br><br>It was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley.<br><br>In 1790 the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal named the element nitrogen."
var ele8History="Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777.<br><br>Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774.<br><br>The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion."
var ele9History="In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux.<br><br>In 1670 Heinrich Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid.<br><br>In 1810, French scientist Andre-Marie Ampere proposed that fluoric acid was a compound of hydrogen with a new element.<br><br>The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Henri Moissan."
var ele10History="Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in London.<br><br>It was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off.<br><br>After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business."
var ele11History="The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols.<br><br>It is a contraction of the element's new Latin name <i>natrium</i>, which refers to the Egyptian <i>natron</i>, a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate.<br><br>In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy isolated sodium for the first time by electrolysis of dried sodium hydroxide, which had been very slightly moistened."
var ele12History="Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755.<br><br>Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808, in London.<br><br>He used electrolysis on a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide.<br><br>Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831."
var ele13History="In 1761, Guyton de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Antoine Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal.<br><br>Sir Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum in 1808.<br><br>Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminum in 1825 in impure form.<br><br>Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827."
var ele14History="In 1800, Sir Humphry Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride.<br><br>In 1824 Jöns Jakob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method.<br><br>Henri Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element."
var ele15History="Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669, in Hamburg, Germany, preparing it from urine.<br><br>In 1769, Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate is found in bones, and they obtained elemental phosphorus from bone ash.<br><br>Antoine Lavoisier recognized phosphorus as an element in 1777."
var ele16History="By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite.<br><br>Indian alchemists wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards.<br><br>In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element, not a compound."
var ele17History="Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.<br><br>Elemental chlorine was first prepared and studied in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.<br><br>By 1810, the scientific consensus was that chlorine was actually a compound that contained oxygen.<br><br>In 1811, Sir Humphry Davy concluded the new gas was in fact a new element."
var ele18History="Argon was suspected to be present in air by Henry Cavendish in 1785.<br><br>It was not isolated until 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in Scotland.<br><br>Argon became the first member of the noble gases to be discovered.<br><br>In 1957, IUPAC agreed that the symbol should change from A to Ar."
var ele19History="Potassium's symbol K comes from 'kalium' the name of the element in Germany and Scandinavia.<br><br>Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly discovered voltaic pile.<br><br>Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis."
var ele20History="Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.<br><br>Calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 when he electrolyzed a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide.<br><br>Davy was trying to isolate calcium; when he heard that Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, he tried it himself."
var ele21History="In 1879, Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team detected scandium in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite.<br><br>Nilson prepared 2 grams of scandium oxide of high purity.<br><br>Per Teodor Cleve showed that scandium had properties similar to those predicted by Mendeleev for eka-boron.<br><br>Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer and his colleagues."
var ele22History="William Gregor found the oxide of titanium in ilmenite in 1791.<br><br>Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it.<br><br>The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.<br><br>In 1936, the Kroll Process made the commercial production of titanium possible."
var ele23History="Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801.<br><br>In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium.<br><br>In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores.<br><br>Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work."
var ele24History="In 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin received samples of crocoite ore.<br><br>In 1798, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, making him the discoverer of the element.<br><br>Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald."
var ele25History="By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine.<br><br>Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite contained a new element, but they were not able to isolate it.<br><br>Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, by reducing the dioxide with carbon."
var ele26History="The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites.<br><br>The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC.<br><br>The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the iron age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons."
var ele27History="Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes and ceramics.<br><br>The element was first isolated by Swedish chemist George Brandt in 1735.<br><br>He showed it was the presence of the element cobalt that caused the blue color in glass, not bismuth as previously thought."
var ele28History="Artifacts made from metallic meteorites have been found dating from as early as 5000 BC.<br><br>In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was trying to extract copper from kupfernickel and instead produced the white metal.<br><br>In the early twentieth century, Ludwig Mond patented a process using nickel carbonyl to purify nickel."
var ele29History="Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record.<br><br>Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East.<br><br>It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the copper and bronze ages."
var ele30History="Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool.<br><br>The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746.<br><br>He heated a mixture of calamine ore and carbon in a closed vessel without copper to produce the metal."
var ele31History="In 1871, existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-aluminum.<br><br>Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum in an examination of a sphalerite sample.<br><br>Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution."
var ele32History="In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.<br><br>In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.<br><br>The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955."
var ele33History="Greek historian Olympiodorus of Thebes roasted arsenic sulfide and obtained white arsenic during 5th century AD.<br><br>Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with arsenic trisulfide.<br><br>In 1649, Johann Schröder published two ways of preparing arsenic."
var ele34History="Selenium was first observed in about the year 1300 by the alchemist Arnold of Villanova.<br><br>Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously-known tellurium.<br><br>In 1873, Willoughby Smith found that the electrical resistance of grey selenium was dependent on the ambient light."
var ele35History="Carl Jacob Löwig discovered bromine in 1825, while still a chemistry student at Heidelberg University, Germany.<br><br>Antoine Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine in 1824.<br><br>He finally published his results in 1826, providing evidence that the substance he had discovered was a new element."
var ele36History="Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay and his assistant English chemist Morris Travers discovered krypton in 1898 in London.<br><br>They found krypton in the residue left from evaporating nearly all components of liquid air.<br><br>William Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of a series of noble gases, including krypton."
var ele37History="German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy.<br><br>The separation of the metal was tried by Bunsen, but he never got samples with more than 18% of Rubidium.<br><br>The separation of the metal was only accomplished by George de Hevesy, through the hydrolysis of melted rubidium hydroxide."
var ele38History="Strontium was recognized as a new element in 1790 when Adair Crawford and his colleague William Cruickshank analyzed a mineral sample from a lead mine near Strontian, Scotland.<br><br>The element was eventually isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808.<br><br>The isolation was done by the electrolysis of a mixture containing strontium chloride and mercuric oxide."
var ele39History="In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village.<br><br>Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria.<br><br>Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler."
var ele40History="Zirconium was first recognized as an element by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789, in Berlin, in a sample of zircon from Sri Lanka.<br><br>Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.<br><br>Dutch scientists Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered a method for producing high purity zirconium in 1925."
var ele41History="Niobium was discovered by the English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801 and named the new element columbium.<br><br>In 1846, German chemist Henrich Rose independently discovered the element and named it niobium.<br><br>The metal was first isolated by Swedish scientist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864 who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere."
var ele42History="Molybdenite was often confused for graphite and it was thought to contain lead.<br><br>In 1778 Swedish scientist Carl Wilhelm Scheele proved that molybdenite was not graphite nor did it contain lead.<br><br>In 1781, Scheele's friend and countryman, Peter J. Hjelm isolated the metal by using carbon and linseed oil."
var ele43History="Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium.<br><br>The element was actually discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937.<br><br>It was also found in a sample of molybdenum sent by Ernest Lawrence that was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron."
var ele44History="Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated the element in 1807, but his work was not ratified.<br><br>Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827.<br><br>In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus confirmed that there was a new element and isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of the rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan."
var ele45History="Rhodium was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in London.<br><br>He used crude platinum ore presumably obtained from South America.<br><br>The introduction of the three way catalytic converter by Volvo in 1976 increased the demand for rhodium."
var ele46History="Palladium was discovered in 1803, in London, by English chemist William Hyde Wollaston.<br><br>He examined the residues left from platinum after dissolving it in aqua regia, a concentrated solution of hydrochloric and nitric acids.<br><br>He then isolated palladium in a series of chemical reactions."
var ele47History="Silver has been used for thousands of years for ornaments and utensils, for trade, and as the basis for many monetary systems.<br><br>Its value as a precious metal was long considered second only to gold.<br><br>Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 BC."
var ele48History="Cadmium was discovered by German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817 as an impurity in zinc carbonate.<br><br>Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine (zinc carbonate) changed color when heated but pure calamine did not.<br><br>Cadmium was independently discovered by German chemist Karl Hermann in 1818."
var ele49History="Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter first identified indium in sphalerite by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line.<br><br>As no element was known with a bright blue emission they concluded that a new element was present in the minerals.<br><br>Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1864."
var ele50History="Tin was first smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze.<br><br>The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.<br><br>Cassiterite, the tin oxide form of tin, was most likely the original source of tin in ancient times.<br><br>British scientist Robert Boyle published a description of his experiments on the oxidation of tin in 1673."
var ele51History="One of antimony's minerals, stibnite was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic as early as about 3100 BC.<br><br>The first European description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio.<br><br>The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783."
var ele52History="Tellurium was discovered in Transylvania in 1782 by Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in a mineral containing tellurium and gold.<br><br>In 1789, another Hungarian scientist, Pál Kitaibel, also discovered the element independently in an ore from Deutsch-Pilsen which had been regarded as argentiferous molybdenite.<br><br>In 1798, it was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth who earlier isolated it from the mineral calaverite."
var ele53History="Iodine was discovered by French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811.<br><br>He treated the liquor obtained from the extraction of kelp, with sulfuric acid to produce a vapour with a violet color.<br><br>In 1812, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac demonstrated that iodine was an element and its chemical relationship to chlorine."
var ele54History="Xenon was discovered in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in 1898.<br><br>They found xenon in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air.<br><br>Spectroscopic analysis showed the previously unseen beautiful blue lines that indicated the presence of a new element."
var ele55History="Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding cesium in 1860 by spectrum analysis.<br><br>They discovered cesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water.<br><br>The pure metal was eventually isolated by the German chemist Carl Setterberg while working on his doctorate with Kekulé and Bunsen."
var ele56History="Barium was identified as a new element in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.<br><br>Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808, by Sir Humphry Davy in England.<br><br>Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen obtained pure barium by electrolysis of a molten mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride."
var ele57History="Lanthanum was discovered in 1839 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander.<br><br>He partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by heating and treating the resulting salt with dilute nitric acid.<br><br>From the resulting solution, he obtained a pale brick colored oxide of the new rare earth.<br><br>Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923."
var ele58History="Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger discovered the element in ceria in 1803 in Sweden.<br><br>Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples in Germany.<br><br>Carl Gustaf Mosander, who worked closely with Berzelius, prepared metallic cerium in 1825."
var ele59History="Praseodymium was first identified in 1885, in Vienna, by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.<br><br>It was discovered in didymium, a substance incorrectly said by Carl Gustav Mosander to be a new element in 1841.<br><br>Pure metallic praseodymium was first produced in 1931."
var ele60History="Neodymium was first identified in 1885, in Vienna, by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.<br><br>It was discovered in didymium, a substance incorrectly said by Carl Gustav Mosander to be a new element in 1841.<br><br>Pure neodymium metal was isolated in 1925."
var ele61History="The existence of an element between neodymium and samarium was first predicted by Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner in 1902.<br><br>Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell.<br><br>It was produced by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor."
var ele62History="In 1853, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac discovered samarium when he found lines in mineral spectra.<br><br>Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a samarium salt in Paris in 1879 from the mineral samarskite and identified a new element in it via sharp optical absorption lines.<br><br>The pure element was produced only in 1901 by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay."
var ele63History="Europium was first found by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890.<br><br>In 1896, French chemist Eugène-Antole Demarçay identified spectroscopic lines in ‘samarium' caused by europium.<br><br>He successfully isolated europium in 1901 using repeated crystallizations of samarium magnesium nitrate."
var ele64History="Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac who separated its oxide.<br><br>He observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of gadolinite and in the separate mineral cerite.<br><br>The metal was isolated by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886."
var ele65History="Terbium was discovered in 1843 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who detected it as an impurity in yttria.<br><br>Using ammonium hydroxide he precipitated fractions of different basicity from yttria.<br><br>In these fractions he found that the fraction that was essentially colorless in solution, but gave a brown-tinged oxide was terbium."
var ele66History="French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, while working with holmium oxide, separated dysprosium oxide from it in Paris in 1886.<br><br>His procedure for isolating the dysprosium involved dissolving dysprosium oxide in acid, then adding ammonia to precipitate the hydroxide.<br><br>It was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s."
var ele67History="Holmium was discovered by Swiss chemists Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in 1878.<br><br>They noticed the aberrant spectrographic absorption bands of the then-unknown element.<br><br>Later in 1878, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the element while he was working on erbia earth."
var ele68History="Erbium was discovered in 1843 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who detected it as an impurity in yttria.<br><br>Using ammonium hydroxide he precipitated fractions of different basicity from yttria.<br><br>In these fractions he found that the fraction that contained the pink color was erbium."
var ele69History="Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements.<br><br>The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham.<br><br>High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s."
var ele70History="Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878.<br><br>In 1907, in Paris, George Urbain separated ytterbia into two constituents.<br><br>Ytterbium metal was first made in 1937 by Klemm and Bonner by heating ytterbium chloride and potassium together.<br><br>A relatively pure sample of the metal was obtained only in 1953."
var ele71History="French chemist Georges Urbain successfully separated lutetium from ytterbia in 1907 in Paris.<br><br>Austrian scientist Carl Auer von Welsbach and American chemist Charles James also succeeded in isolating lutetium independently in the same year.<br><br>Pure lutetium metal was first produced in 1953."
var ele72History="In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.<br><br>Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.<br><br>Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924."
var ele73History="Tantalum was discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders Ekeberg in the minerals tantalite from Finland and yttrotantalite from Sweden.<br><br>Unfortunately, William Hyde Wollaston claimed Ekeberg's new element was actually niobium, which had also been discovered in 1802.<br><br>In 1846, German chemist Heinrich Rose finally proved beyond doubt that tantalum and niobium were different elements."
var ele74History="Torbern Bergman obtained from scheelite an oxide of a new element in 1781.<br><br>In 1783, José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid.<br><br>Later that year, in Spain, the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal, and they are credited with the discovery of the element."
var ele75History="In 1908, Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he discovered the 43rd element.<br><br>However, later analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43.<br><br>In 1922, Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name."
var ele76History="Osmium was discovered in 1803 by English chemist Smithson Tennant in London.<br><br>Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it in aqua regia to create soluble salts and observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue.<br><br>Smithson Tennant analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal."
var ele77History="Iridium was discovered in 1803 by English chemist Smithson Tennant in London.<br><br>Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it in aqua regia to create soluble salts and observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue.<br><br>Smithson Tennant analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal."
var ele78History="Platinum was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artifacts.<br><br>Antonio de Ulloa published his findings about platinum in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741.<br><br>First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750."
var ele79History="Gold has been known since prehistoric times and was the first metal used by humans.<br><br>Gold artifacts dated to 5000 years ago have been found in Egyptian tombs.<br><br>Gold of 98% purity has been found in Nahal Qunah in the ancient kingdom of Israel, dating from about 6000 years ago."
var ele80History="Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Indians and has been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to about 1500 BC.<br><br>Alchemists thought of mercury as the First Matter from which all metals were formed.<br><br>They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury."
var ele81History="Thallium was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Crookes in 1861, in London.<br><br>In 1862, Claude-Auguste Lamy used a spectrometer to determine the composition of a selenium-containing substance which was deposited during the production of sulfuric acid from pyrite.<br><br>He noticed the new green line in the spectra and concluded that a new element was present."
var ele82History="Metallic lead beads dating back to 6400 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey.<br><br>The Romans also used lead in molten form to secure iron pins that held together large limestone blocks in certain monumental buildings.<br><br>In alchemy, lead was thought to be the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn."
var ele83History="Bismuth has been known since ancient times, so no one person is credited with its discovery.<br><br>The element was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements.<br><br>In 1753, French chemist Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated that this metal is distinct from lead and tin."
var ele84History="Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 in Paris.<br><br>This element was the first one discovered by the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity.<br><br>The dangers of working with radioactive elements were not known when the Curies made their discoveries."
var ele85History="In 1869, existence of astatine was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-iodine.<br><br>In 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles."
var ele86History="Radon was discovered in 1900 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in Halle, Germany.<br><br>He reported some experiments in which he noticed that radium compounds emanate a radioactive gas.<br><br>In 1910, Sir William Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray isolated radon, determined its density, and determined that it was the heaviest known gas."
var ele87History="Francium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France.<br><br>It was discovered when she was researching the radioactive decay of actinium-227.<br><br>Marguerite Perey discovered that francium-223 is made naturally when actinium-227 emits an alpha-particle."
var ele88History="Radium was discovered by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898.<br><br>They extracted the radium compound from a uraninite sample.<br><br>Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne in 1910 through the electrolysis of radium chloride by using a mercury cathode and distilling in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas."
var ele89History="André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, discovered actinium in 1899.<br><br>He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium.<br><br>Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum."
var ele90History="Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1828, in Stockholm, Sweden.<br><br>Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt.<br><br>The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 to produce high-purity metallic thorium."
var ele91History="In 1900, William Crookes isolated protactinium as an intensely radioactive material from uranium<br><br>Protactinium was first identified in 1913 by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring in Germany.<br><br>A more stable isotope of protactinium was discovered in 1917 by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin."
var ele92History="Uranium was discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth.<br><br>In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.<br><br>Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896."
var ele93History="Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered.<br><br>Neptunium was first produced by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California.<br><br>The team produced the neptunium isotope <sup>239</sup>Np by bombarding uranium with slow moving neutrons."
var ele94History="Plutonium was first produced in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy and Arthur Wahl.<br><br>Plutonium-238 was produced by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>The Berkeley team made neptunium-238 which decayed to plutonium-238."
var ele95History="Americium-241 was first identified in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso at the metallurgical laboratory at the University of Chicago.<br><br>It was produced by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project.<br><br>Americium was first isolated as a pure compound by Burris Cunningham in 1945, at the University of Chicago."
var ele96History="Curium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project.<br><br>Curium metal was produced only in 1951 by reduction of curium fluoride with barium."
var ele97History="Berkelium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and Stanley G. Thompson in 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of americium with alpha particles.<br><br>Berkelium was isolated in greater quantities for the first time by Burris Cunningham and Stanley Thompson in 1958."
var ele98History="Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1950 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of curium with alpha particles.<br><br>Californium was isolated in macro quantities for the first time by Burris Cunningham and Stanley Thompson in 1958."
var ele99History="Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952.<br><br>It was identified by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California, Berkeley in collaboration with the Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.<br><br>The new element was produced by the nuclear explosion in miniscule amounts by the addition of 15 neutrons to uranium-238."
var ele100History="Fermium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952.<br><br>It was identified by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California, Berkeley in collaboration with the Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test.<br><br>The new element was produced by the nuclear fission of 17 neutrons with uranium-238."
var ele101History="Mendelevium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory R. Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey and Stanley G. Thompson in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of einsteinium with helium.<br><br>Mendelevium was identified by chemical analysis in an ion exchange experiment."
var ele102History="Nobelium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. Walton and Torbjørn Sikkeland in 1958 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of curium with carbon atoms.<br><br>It was correctly identified in 1966 by scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Soviet Union."
var ele103History="Lawrencium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert M. Latimer in 1961 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of californium with boron atoms.<br><br>Lawrencium was the last member of the actinide series to be discovered."
var ele104History="Rutherfordium was reportedly first detected in 1964 at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna.<br><br>The element was synthesized by Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola and Pirkko Eskola in 1968 at the University of California, Berkeley.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of californium with carbon atoms."
var ele105History="Dubnium was reportedly first discovered in 1968 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna.<br><br>Researchers there bombarded an americium-243 target with neon-22 ions.<br><br>In the same year, a team led by Albert Ghiorso working at the University of California, Berkeley conclusively synthesized the element by bombarding a californium-249 target with nitrogen-15 ions."
var ele106History="Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR reported their discovery of element 106 in June 1974.<br><br>Synthesis was also reported in September 1974 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory by the workers of the Lawrence Berkeley and Livermore Laboratories led by Albert Ghiorso and E. Kenneth Hulet.<br><br>It was produced by collisions of californium-249 with oxygen atoms."
var ele107History="Bohrium was first convincingly synthesized in 1981 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt.<br><br>The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262."
var ele108History="Hassium was first synthesized in 1984 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt.<br><br>The team bombarded a target of lead-208 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 to produce 3 atoms of the isotope hassium-265."
var ele109History="Meitnerium was first synthesized in 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt.<br><br>The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 and detected a single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266."
var ele110History="Darmstadtium was first created in 1994, at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg, under the direction of Sigurd Hofmann.<br><br>The team bombarded a lead-208 target with accelerated nuclei of nickel-62 and detected a single atom of the isotope darmstadtium-269."
var ele111History="Roentgenium was first synthesized by an international team led by Sigurd Hofmann at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994.<br><br>The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of nickel-64 and detected a single atom of the isotope roentgenium-272."
var ele112History="Copernicium was first created on February 9, 1996, at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov et al.<br><br>This element was created by firing accelerated zinc-70 nuclei at a target made of lead-208 nuclei in a heavy ion accelerator.<br><br>A single atom of copernicium was produced with a mass number of 277."
var ele113History="Nihonium was identified in 2003 as an alpha decay product of element 115, moscovium by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<br><br>The Dubna-Livermore collaboration has strengthened their claim for the discovery of nihonium by conducting chemical experiments on the final decay product <sup>268</sup>Db."
var ele114History="Ununquadium (Uuq) was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name.<br><br>In 1998, a team led by Yuri Oganessian and Vladimir Utyonkov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna produced flerovium by bombarding plutonium with calcium.<br><br>In an experiment lasting 40 days, 5 x 10<sup>18</sup> atoms of calcium to be fired at plutonium to produce a single atom of flerovium."
var ele115History="Moscovium was identified in 2004 by a team composed of Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<br><br>The team reported that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions to produce four atoms of moscovium.<br><br>These atoms decayed by emission of alpha-particles to nihonium in approximately 100 milliseconds."
var ele116History="Ununhexium (Uuh) was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name.<br><br>Livermorium was identified in 2000 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory led by Yuri Oganessian and Ken Moody."
var ele117History="Tennessine was identified in 2010 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of berkelium with calcium.<br><br>Ununseptium was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name."
var ele118History="Oganesson was identified in 2002 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<br><br>It was produced by the bombardment of californium with calcium.<br><br>Ununoctium was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name."

var ele1Uses="Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel.<br><br>Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators.<br><br>Hydrogen's two heavier isotopes (deuterium and tritium) are used in nuclear fusion.<br><br>Used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding."
var ele2Uses="Helium is used as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, in titanium and zirconium production, and in gas chromatography.<br><br>Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics.<br><br>Helium is used for filling balloons and for pressurizing liquid fuel rockets.<br><br>Helium is used as a shielding gas in arc welding processes."
var ele3Uses="Pure lithium metal is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries.<br><br>Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant.<br><br>Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics.<br><br>Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides are used as high energy additives to rocket propellants."
var ele4Uses="Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator.<br><br>Beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high-speed aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles and satellites.<br><br>Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes."
var ele5Uses="Boron oxide is used in glassmaking and ceramics.<br><br>Borax is used in making fiberglass, as a cleansing fluid, a water softener, insecticide, herbicide and disinfectant.<br><br>Boric acid is used as a mild antiseptic and as a flame retardant.<br><br>Boron shielding is used as a control for nuclear reactors."
var ele6Uses="The major use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil.<br><br>Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant.<br><br>Diamonds are used in jewelry and in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.<br><br>Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink."
var ele7Uses="Nitrogen is used to produce ammonia and fertilizers, vital for current food production methods.<br><br>Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant.<br><br>Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent in liquid fueled rockets.<br><br>Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine."
var ele8Uses="Pure oxygen is frequently used to help breathing in patients with respiratory ailments.<br><br>Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding, as an oxidant for rocket fuel, and in methanol and ethylene oxide production.<br><br>It is also used in the production of steel, plastics and textiles.<br><br>Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration."
var ele9Uses="Compounds of fluorine, including sodium fluoride, are used in toothpaste and in drinking water to prevent dental cavities.<br><br>Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) now serve as replacements for CFC refrigerants.<br><br>Fluorine and its compounds are used in processing nuclear fuel."
var ele10Uses="Neon is often used in brightly lit advertising signs.<br><br>It is also used in vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, television tubes, and helium-neon lasers.<br><br>Liquid neon is used as a cryogenic refrigerant."
var ele11Uses="Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of esters and in the preparation of organic compounds.<br><br>Sodium vapor lamps are often used for street lighting in cities.<br><br>Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors.<br><br>Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent, and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective."
var ele12Uses="Magnesium is widely used in the manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components.<br><br>The brilliant light it produces when ignited is made use of in photography, flares, pyrotechnics and incendiary bombs.<br><br>Magnesium compounds such as the hydroxide (milk of magnesia), sulfate (Epsom salts), chloride and citrate are used for medicinal purposes."
var ele13Uses="Aluminum is used in an extensive range of products from drinks cans to window frames and boats to aircraft.<br><br>It is used in electrical transmission lines.<br><br>It is also used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications.<br><br>When alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties."
var ele14Uses="In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc.<br><br>Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass.<br><br>Silicon chips are the basis of modern electronic and computing.<br><br>Silicon carbide, more commonly called carborundum is used in abrasives."
var ele15Uses="Many fertilisers contain a high proportion of phosphorus and are manufactured from concentrated phosphoric acids.<br><br>Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics and incendiary shells.<br><br>Phosphorus is also used in steel manufacture and in the production of phosphor bronze."
var ele16Uses="Sulfur's main commercial use is as a reactant in the production of sulfuric acid.<br><br>Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide.<br><br>It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate fumigant, and to bleach dried fruits.<br><br>It is also used extensively in making phosphatic fertilizers."
var ele17Uses="Chlorine is used for producing safe drinking water.<br><br>It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products.<br><br>Chlorinated compounds are used mostly for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing."
var ele18Uses="Argon gas is used to fill conventional incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs.<br><br>Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements.<br><br>It is used as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals."
var ele19Uses="The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers.<br><br>Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and is found in most soils.<br><br>Potassium nitrate is the main explosive ingredient in gunpowder.<br><br>Potassium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soft soaps and as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries."
var ele20Uses="Calcium is used to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon from alloys.<br><br>It is also used as an alloying agent used in the production of aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys.<br><br>Calcium is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of other metals, such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium.<br><br>Calcium carbonate is used in manufacturing cement and mortar, lime and limestone."
var ele21Uses="Scandium is used in sports equipment such as golf iron shafts, baseball bats, bicycle frames and fishing rods.<br><br>Scandium iodide, along with sodium iodide, when added to a modified form of mercury-vapor lamp, produces a form of metal halide lamp.<br><br>The radioactive isotope <sup>46</sup>Sc is used in oil refineries as a tracing agent."
var ele22Uses="Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.<br><br>Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.<br><br>Titanium is used in several everyday products such as drill bits, bicycles, golf clubs, watches and laptop computers."
var ele23Uses="Vanadium is used as an additive in steel to strengthen and protect against corrosion.<br><br>Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft.<br><br>Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.<br><br>Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid."
var ele24Uses="Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys.<br><br>It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion.<br><br>The metal is also widely used as a catalyst.<br><br>Chromium compounds are valued as pigments for their vivid green, yellow, red and orange colors."
var ele25Uses="For over 2000 years, manganese dioxide has been used to make colorless glass.<br><br>Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode material in zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries.<br><br>Manganese also functions in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthetic plants.<br><br>The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints."
var ele26Uses="Iron is used to manufacture steel and other alloys important in construction and manufacturing.<br><br>Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life and works as an oxygen carrier in hemoglobin.<br><br>Iron oxide mixed with aluminum powder can be ignited to create a thermite reaction, used in welding and purifying ores."
var ele27Uses="Cobalt is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys.<br><br>Cobalt is widely used in batteries and in electroplating.<br><br>Radioactive <sup>60</sup>Co is used in the treatment of cancer.<br><br>A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink."
var ele28Uses="Nickel is used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults.<br><br>Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.<br><br>Nickel is also used in batteries, ceramics and magnets."
var ele29Uses="Copper is often used for electrical wiring applications and for household plumbing applications.<br><br>Copper sulfate is used as a fungicide and as an algicide in rivers, lakes and ponds.<br><br>It is also used in cookware and cooking utensils.<br><br>Commercially important alloys such as brass and bronze are made with copper and other metals."
var ele30Uses="Because of its corrosion resistance, zinc is often plated to other metals in a process called galvanization.<br><br>Zinc is an essential trace element for animals and plants.<br><br>Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries."
var ele31Uses="Gallium wets glass or porcelain and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass.<br><br>It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors.<br><br>Low melting gallium alloys are used in some medical thermometers as non-toxic substitutes for mercury.<br><br>Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light."
var ele32Uses="The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.<br><br>Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.<br><br>It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.<br><br>It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors."
var ele33Uses="The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria and fungi led to its use as a wood preservative and as insecticides.<br><br>Arsenic is used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot.<br><br>Gallium arsenide is a semiconductor used in laser diodes and LEDs.<br><br>Small amounts of arsenic can be used in lead alloys for ammunition."
var ele34Uses="Selenium is used in the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make red-colored glasses and enamels.<br><br>It is used as a catalyst in many chemical reactions.<br><br>It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel.<br><br>Selenium sulfide is used in anti-dandruff shampoos."
var ele35Uses="Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines and sanitizers.<br><br>Potassium bromide is used as a source of bromide ions for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film.<br><br>Bromine is also used to reduce mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants."
var ele36Uses="Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography.<br><br>Krypton-83 has application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging airways.<br><br>Krypton is used as a filling gas for energy-saving fluorescent lights and as an inert filling gas in incandescent bulbs."
var ele37Uses="Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component.<br><br>Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in fireworks to give them a purple color.<br><br>Rubidium salts are used in glasses and ceramics.<br><br>Rubidium-87 is slightly radioactive and has been used extensively in dating rocks."
var ele38Uses="The primary use for strontium is in glass for color television cathode ray tubes.<br><br>Strontium salts are used in flares and fireworks for a crimson color.<br><br>Strontium chloride is used in toothpaste for sensitive teeth.<br><br>Strontium oxide is used to improve the quality of pottery glazes."
var ele39Uses="Yttrium is often used in alloys, increasing the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.<br><br>Yttrium is one of the elements used to make the red color in CRT televisions.<br><br>It is also used as a deoxidizer for non-ferrous metals such as vanadium.<br><br>Yttrium can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions."
var ele40Uses="Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although it is used in small amounts as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion.<br><br>Zirconium is used as to make surgical instruments and is used in steel alloys as a hardening agent.<br><br>Zirconium is also used to make superconductive magnets."
var ele41Uses="Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel.<br><br>Niobium alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction.<br><br>The metal is used in superalloys for jet engines and heat resistant equipment.<br><br>Niobium is found in many medical devices such as pacemakers."
var ele42Uses="Molybdenum is used as glass furnace electrodes due to its high melting point.<br><br>The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts.<br><br>Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.<br><br>Molybdenum is used in small quantities to harden steel and is used in many alloys."
var ele43Uses="Technetium is used in nuclear medicine to carry out a number of medical tests, mainly relating to imaging and functional studies of internal bodily organs like bone scan.<br><br>It is also used industrially for equipment calibration following its approval as a standard beta emitter.<br><br>Mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by minute quantities of technetium, but this corrosion protection is limited to closed systems because of technetium's radioactivity."
var ele44Uses="Ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts.<br><br>Ruthenium dioxide and lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors.<br><br>Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium.<br><br>Ruthenium is a versatile catalyst."
var ele45Uses="The element's major use is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles.<br><br>Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and palladium.<br><br>It is also used as a filter in mammography systems because of the characteristic X-rays it produces.<br><br>Rhodium is also used for jewelry and for decorations."
var ele46Uses="The largest use of palladium is in catalytic converters in the automobile industry.<br><br>Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions.<br><br>The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts."
var ele47Uses="Silver has long been valued as a precious metal, and is used as an investment, to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils, and currency coins.<br><br>It is also used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions.<br><br>Its compounds are used in photographic film, and dilute silver nitrate solutions and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides"
var ele48Uses="Cadmium is a key component in battery production.<br><br>It is also is used in electroplating.<br><br>Cadmium oxide is used in black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes.<br><br>Cadmium is used as a barrier to control neutrons in nuclear fission."
var ele49Uses="Indium's current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays and touchscreens.<br><br>It is widely used in thin-films to form lubricated layers.<br><br>It is also used for making particularly low melting point alloys, and is a component in some lead-free solders."
var ele50Uses="Tin is used as a coating on the surface of other metals to prevent corrosion.<br><br>It has long been used as a solder in the form of an alloy with lead.<br><br>Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings.<br><br>Tin chloride is used as a mordant in dyeing textiles and for increasing the weight of silk."
var ele51Uses="The largest applications for metallic antimony are as alloying material for lead and tin and for lead antimony plates in lead-acid batteries.<br><br>Alloying lead and tin with antimony improves the properties of the alloys which are used in solders, bullets and plain bearings.<br><br>Antimony trioxide is used as a flame retardant in adhesives, plastics, rubber and textiles."
var ele52Uses="The primary use of tellurium is in alloys, foremost in steel and copper to improve machinability.<br><br>Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control.<br><br>It is used in vulcanizing rubber and in catalysts for petroleum cracking.<br><br>Tellurium is used as a coloring agent in ceramics."
var ele53Uses="Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine.<br><br>A solution containing potassium iodide and iodine in alcohol is used to disinfect external wounds.<br><br>Silver iodide is a major ingredient to traditional photographic film.<br><br>Iodine is added to table salt to prevent thyroid disease."
var ele54Uses="Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps, and in photographic flashes.<br><br>Xenon is used in medicine as a general anesthetic and in medical imaging.<br><br>In nuclear energy applications, xenon is used in bubble chambers, probes, and in other areas where a high molecular weight and inert nature is desirable."
var ele55Uses="The radioactive isotope cesium-137 has a half-life of about 30 years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology.<br><br>Cesium is also used in photoelectric cells and as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of organic compounds.<br><br>Cesium vapor thermionic generators are low-power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy."
var ele56Uses="Barium is used as a flashed getter in vacuum tubes to remove the last traces of gases.<br><br>It is often used in barium-nickel alloys for spark plug wire.<br><br>Barium sulfate is important to the petroleum industry as a drilling fluid in oil and gas wells.<br><br>Barium is also used in medicine to detect abnormalities in the digestive system."
var ele57Uses="Lanthanum is used in large quantities in batteries for hybrid automobiles.<br><br>It is also used to make night vision goggles.<br><br>Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron.<br><br>Lanthanum carbonate is used to reduce blood levels of phosphate in patients with kidney disease."
var ele58Uses="Cerium is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry.<br><br>Cerium oxide is an important component of glass polishing powders and phosphors used in screens and fluorescent lamps.<br><br>Cerium compounds are also used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer."
var ele59Uses="Praseodymium is used as an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines.<br><br>Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal.<br><br>Praseodymium is used to make specialized yellow glass goggles for glass blowers and welders."
var ele60Uses="Neodymium is used to make specialized goggles for glass blowers.<br><br>Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, guitar and bass guitar pick-ups and computer hard disks.<br><br>Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light."
var ele61Uses="Promethium is also used in atomic batteries for spacecraft and guided missiles.<br><br>Promethium is also used to measure the thickness of materials by evaluating the amount of radiation from a promethium source that passes through the sample.<br><br>It has possible future uses in portable X-ray sources, and as auxiliary heat or power sources for space probes and satellites."
var ele62Uses="Samarium's main use is in samarium-cobalt alloy magnets for headphones, small motors and pickups for some electric guitars.<br><br>Radioactive samarium-153 is used to kill cancer cells in the treatment of lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and osteosarcoma.<br><br>Samarium and its compounds are also used as catalyst and chemical reagent."
var ele63Uses="Europium is used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass.<br><br>It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in Euro banknotes.<br><br>Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material.<br><br>Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are used in nuclear reactor control rods."
var ele64Uses="Gadolinium is used to make gadolinium yttrium garnets which have microwave applications.<br><br>It is also used in intravenous radiocontrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<br><br>Gadolinium compounds are used for making green phosphors for color TV tubes, and in manufacturing compact discs."
var ele65Uses="Terbium is used in alloys and in the production of electronic devices.<br><br>It is also used as a dopant for materials in solid-state devices and optical fibers.<br><br>Terbium oxide is in fluorescent lamps and TV tubes.<br><br>The brilliant fluorescence allows terbium to be used as a probe in biochemistry."
var ele66Uses="Dysprosium oxide-nickel cermets are used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.<br><br>Dysprosium is used in data storage applications such as compact discs and hard discs.<br><br>It is also used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation.<br><br>Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high intensity metal-halide lamps."
var ele67Uses="Holmium is used to create the strongest artificially generated magnetic fields, when placed within high-strength magnets as a magnetic pole piece.<br><br>It is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or red coloring.<br><br>Holmium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are used in nuclear reactor control rods."
var ele68Uses="Erbium is used in photographic filters to absorb infrared light.<br><br>Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes.<br><br>It is also used in nuclear technology in neutron-absorbing control rods.<br><br>Erbium is used in alloys especially with vanadium to decrease the hardness of metals."
var ele69Uses="Thulium is used to dope yttrium aluminum garnets used in lasers.<br><br>It has also been used in high-temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.<br><br>Thulium has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.<br><br>Thulium is used in euro banknotes for its blue fluorescence under UV light to defeat counterfeiters."
var ele70Uses="Ytterbium fiber laser amplifiers are used in marking and engraving.<br><br>Ytterbium compounds are also used as catalysts in the organic chemical industry.<br><br>Ytterbium can be used as a dopant to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel."
var ele71Uses="Lutetium oxide is used to make catalysts for cracking hydrocarbons in the petrochemical industry.<br><br>Lutetium aluminum garnet has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography.<br><br>Lutetium is used as a phosphor in LED light bulbs."
var ele72Uses="Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.<br><br>Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.<br><br>Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors."
var ele73Uses="Tantalum is used in the electronics industry for capacitors and high power resistors.<br><br>The high melting point and oxidation resistance lead to the use of the metal in the production of vacuum furnace parts.<br><br>Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses."
var ele74Uses="Tungsten and its alloys are widely used for filaments in electric bulbs and electronic tubes.<br><br>Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries.<br><br>Tungsten oxides are used in ceramic glazes and calcium/magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting."
var ele75Uses="Rhenium is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges.<br><br>It is also used with platinum as catalysts in the production of lead-free, high-octane gasoline.<br><br>Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines."
var ele76Uses="Osmium is used alloyed with other metals in the platinum group to produce very hard alloys.<br><br>Osmium alloys are used in the tips of fountain pens, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts<br><br>Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for optical and electron microscopy."
var ele77Uses="Iridium is used in making crucibles and other equipment that is used at high temperatures.<br><br>Iridium is also used as a hardening agent in platinum alloys.<br><br>Its resistance to arc erosion makes iridium alloys ideal for electrical contacts for spark plugs.<br><br>Radioactive isotopes of iridium are used in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer."
var ele78Uses="The most common use of platinum is as a catalyst in chemical reactions.<br><br>Platinum is used in jewelry, decoration and dental work.<br><br>Platinum-cobalt, an alloy of roughly three parts platinum and one part cobalt, is used to make relatively strong permanent magnets.<br><br>Platinum-based anodes are used in ships, pipelines, and steel piers."
var ele79Uses="Gold is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries.<br><br>It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating.<br><br>Gold is used widely in microelectronic circuits to ensure reliable, corrosion-resistant and static-free performance.<br><br>Gold leaf, flake or dust is used in some gourmet foods as decorative ingredient."
var ele80Uses="Mercury is used in barometers and manometers because of its high density.<br><br>Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapor lamps and some 'neon sign' type advertising signs and fluorescent lamps.<br><br>Mercury is also found in liquid mirror telescopes.<br><br>Gaseous mercury is also found in some electron tubes, including ignitrons, thyratrons, and mercury arc rectifiers."
var ele81Uses="Thallium selenide has been used in a bolometer for infrared detection.<br><br>Thallium is also used in gamma radiation detection equipment.<br><br>Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is used in the manufacture of photo cells.<br><br>Some of the electrodes in dissolved oxygen analyzers contain thallium."
var ele82Uses="Large quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries.<br><br>Lead is used as electrodes in the process of electrolysis.<br><br>It is added to brass to reduce machine tool wear.<br><br>Lead, in either pure form or alloyed with tin, or antimony is the traditional material for bullets and shot in firearms use."
var ele83Uses="Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is used as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.<br><br>Bismuth oxychloride is used in cosmetics, as a pigment in paint for eye shadows, hair sprays and nail polishes.<br><br>It has also been used as a replacement for lead in shot, bullets and less-lethal riot gun ammunition."
var ele84Uses="Polonium is used to eliminate static electricity produced during processes such as rolling paper, wire and sheet metal.<br><br>Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons.<br><br>It is also used in anti-static brushes to eliminate dust on photographic film."
var ele85Uses="The newly formed astatine-211 is important in nuclear medicine.<br><br>Once produced, astatine must be used quickly, as it decays with a half-life of 7.2 hours.<br><br>Astatine-211 can be used for targeted alpha particle radiotherapy, since it decays either via emission of an alpha particle."
var ele86Uses="Radon is used in hydrologic research that studies the interaction between ground water and streams.<br><br>Radon has been produced commercially for use in radiation therapy.<br><br>Radon has been used in implantable seeds, made of gold or glass, primarily used to treat cancers."
var ele87Uses="Due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for francium.<br><br>It has been used for research purposes in the fields of biology and of atomic structure.<br><br>Its use as a potential diagnostic aid for various cancers has also been explored, but this application has been deemed impractical."
var ele88Uses="Radium was formerly used in self-luminous paints for watches, nuclear panels, aircraft switches, clocks, and instrument dials.<br><br>Radium chloride was used in medicine to produce radon gas which in turn was used as a cancer treatment.<br><br>The isotope <sup>223</sup>Ra is currently under investigation for use in medicine as a cancer treatment of bone metastasis."
var ele89Uses="Actinium is used as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, for example in spacecraft.<br><br>The medium half-life of <sup>227</sup>Ac makes it very convenient radioactive isotope in modeling the slow vertical mixing of oceanic waters.<br><br><sup>225</sup>Ac is applied in medicine to produce <sup>213</sup>Bi in a reusable generator or can be used alone as an agent for radiation therapy."
var ele90Uses="Thorium is used to coat tungsten filaments in light bulbs.<br><br>It is also used in its oxide form in gas tungsten arc welding to increase the high-temperature strength of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability.<br><br>Thorium-magnesium alloys are used in the aerospace industry for aircraft engines."
var ele91Uses="Owing to its scarcity, high radioactivity and high toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of scientific research.<br><br>With the advent of highly sensitive mass spectrometers, an application of <sup>231</sup>Pa as a tracer in geology and paleoceanography has become possible.<br><br>Protactinium-231 combined with the thorium-230 can be used to date marine sediments."
var ele92Uses="Uranium is used as fuel for nuclear power plants.<br><br>Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues.<br><br>It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography.<br><br>The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators."
var ele93Uses="Neptunium is used mainly for research purposes.<br><br>When bombarded with neutrons <sup>237</sup>Np is used to produce <sup>238</sup>Pu which is used for spacecraft generators and terrestrial navigation beacons.<br><br><sup>237</sup>Np is used in devices for detecting high-energy neutrons."
var ele94Uses="The isotope plutonium-239 is a key fissile component in nuclear weapons, due to its ease of fission and availability.<br><br>Plutonium-238 has also been used successfully to power artificial heart pacemakers, to reduce the risk of repeated surgery.<br><br>Plutonium-238 mixed with beryllium is used to generate neutrons for research purposes."
var ele95Uses="Americium is used in commercial ionization chamber smoke detectors, as well as in neutron sources and industrial gauges.<br><br>Americium-241 has been used as a portable source of both gamma rays and alpha particles for a number of medical and industrial uses.<br><br>It is also used as a target material in nuclear research to make even heavier elements."
var ele96Uses="Curium is mainly used for scientific research purposes.<br><br>Curium is a common starting material for the production of higher transuranic elements and transactinides.<br><br>The most practical application of <sup>244</sup>Cm is as α-particle source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers (APXS)."
var ele97Uses="Berkelium is mainly used for scientific research purposes.<br><br>Berkelium-249 is a common target nuclide to prepare still heavier transuranic elements and transactinides, such as lawrencium, rutherfordium and bohrium.<br><br>It is also useful as a source of the isotope californium-249."
var ele98Uses="Californium is used as a portable neutron source for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis.<br><br>Neutrons from californium are employed as a treatment of certain cervical and brain cancers where other radiation therapy is ineffective.<br><br>Neutron moisture gauges use californium-252 to find water and petroleum layers in oil wells."
var ele99Uses="Einsteinium is mainly used for scientific research purposes.<br><br>The rare isotope einsteinium-254 is favored for production of ultraheavy elements.<br><br>Einsteinium-254 was used as the calibration marker in the chemical analysis spectrometer of the Surveyor 5 lunar probe."
var ele100Uses="Fermium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele101Uses="Mendelevium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele102Uses="Nobelium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele103Uses="Lawrencium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele104Uses="Rutherfordium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele105Uses="Dubnium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele106Uses="Seaborgium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele107Uses="Bohrium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele108Uses="Hassium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele109Uses="Meitnerium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele110Uses="Darmstadtium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele111Uses="Roentgenium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele112Uses="Copernicium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele113Uses="Nihonium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele114Uses="Flerovium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele115Uses="Moscovium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele116Uses="Livermorium is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele117Uses="Tennessine is used for scientific research purposes only."
var ele118Uses="Oganesson is used for scientific research purposes only."

var ele1Facts="Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets"
var ele2Facts="Unlike any other element, helium will remain liquid down to absolute zero at normal pressures"
var ele3Facts="Lithium is the only metal which reacts with nitrogen under normal conditions"
var ele4Facts="Emerald is a naturally occurring compound of beryllium"
var ele5Facts="Boron is an essential nutrient for all green plants"
var ele6Facts="About 20% of the weight of living organisms is carbon"
var ele7Facts="Nitrogen is present in all living organisms, in proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules"
var ele8Facts="Green and red colors in the Aurora Borealis are caused by oxygen atoms"
var ele9Facts="Fluorine reacts violently with water to produce oxygen"
var ele10Facts="In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange"
var ele11Facts="Sodium burns in air with a brilliant yellow flame"
var ele12Facts="When it burns in air, magnesium produces a brilliant white light"
var ele13Facts="Aluminum does not stick to magnets under normal conditions"
var ele14Facts="Silicon also has the unusual property that it expands as it freezes"
var ele15Facts="Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms - white phosphorus and red phosphorus"
var ele16Facts="Penicillin is a natural, sulfur-based antibiotic"
var ele17Facts="Tree frogs have a chlorine compound in their skin that is a very powerful pain killer"
var ele18Facts="Argon makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser"
var ele19Facts="People whose diets are low in potassium can suffer from hypokalemia"
var ele20Facts="The shell of an egg is made up of primarily calcium carbonate"
var ele21Facts="The stable form of scandium is created in supernovas via the r-process"
var ele22Facts="Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas"
var ele23Facts="Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and eastern Russia"
var ele24Facts="Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago"
var ele25Facts="Neanderthals may have used black manganese di oxide as a cosmetic 50,000 years ago"
var ele26Facts="The color of blood is due to the hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein"
var ele27Facts="Supplemental colbalt is essential in sheep's diets to improve the wools quality"
var ele28Facts="Nickel is 100 times more concentrated below Earth's crust than in it"
var ele29Facts="Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air"
var ele30Facts="Zinc is referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter"
var ele31Facts="Gallium has a strong tendency to supercool below its melting point / freezing point"
var ele32Facts="Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation"
var ele33Facts="Prawns are known to contain quite high levels of arsenic"
var ele34Facts="Selenium deficiency in animals can lead to slow growth"
var ele35Facts="Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures"
var ele36Facts="When ionized, krypton gas emits bright white light"
var ele37Facts="Rubidium burns with a reddish-violet flame color"
var ele38Facts="Strontium metal turns yellow when exposed to air"
var ele39Facts="Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air"
var ele40Facts="The most common oxide is zirconium dioxide, also referred to as zirconia"
var ele41Facts="Brazil is the leading producer of niobium"
var ele42Facts="Molybdenum is essential for plant foliage health"
var ele43Facts="Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially"
var ele44Facts="Ruthenium is unaffected by air, water and acids"
var ele45Facts="Rhodium metal does not normally form an oxide, even when heated"
var ele46Facts="In the late 1800s, palladium was more expensive than platinum"
var ele47Facts="In ancient Egypt and Medieval Europe, silver was often more valuable than gold"
var ele48Facts="Cadmium is a soft metal which is easily cut with a knife"
var ele49Facts="When it is bent, indium emits a high-pitched 'cry'"
var ele50Facts="When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard"
var ele51Facts="Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity"
var ele52Facts="In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide"
var ele53Facts="Kelp was the main source of natural iodine in the 18th and 19th centuries"
var ele54Facts="If inhaled, xenon can cause a person's voice to deepen"
var ele55Facts="Cesium was the first element discovered using a spectroscope"
var ele56Facts="At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant"
var ele57Facts="Lanthanum is the most reactive of the rare earth metals"
var ele58Facts="Seawater contains 1.5 parts per trillion of cerium"
var ele59Facts="Praseodymium is usually stored under a light mineral oil or sealed in glass"
var ele60Facts="Most of the world's neodymium is mined in China"
var ele61Facts="Promethium is the only lanthanide that has no stable isotopes"
var ele62Facts="Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with lanthanum"
var ele63Facts="Europium is the most reactive rare earth element"
var ele64Facts="Gadolinium has the highest neutron cross-section among any stable nuclides"
var ele65Facts="Terbium is soft enough to be cut with a knife"
var ele66Facts="Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes"
var ele67Facts="Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any naturally occurring element"
var ele68Facts="The highest concentration of erbium in humans is in the bones"
var ele69Facts="Thulium ore occurs most commonly in China"
var ele70Facts="Ytterbium is recovered commercially from monazite sand"
var ele71Facts="Lutetium was the last natural rare earth element to be discovered"
var ele72Facts="In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air"
var ele73Facts="Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite"
var ele74Facts="The chemical symbol, W, comes from the original name of the element, Wolfram"
var ele75Facts="Chile has the world's largest rhenium reserves"
var ele76Facts="Osmium is the least abundant stable element in the Earth's crust"
var ele77Facts="Iridium is the most corrosion-resistant metal known"
var ele78Facts="Platinum exists in higher abundances on the Moon and in meteorites"
var ele79Facts="India is the world's largest single consumer of gold"
var ele80Facts="Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature"
var ele81Facts="Agatha Christie made use of thallium's toxicity in her novel The Pale Horse"
var ele82Facts="Pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead"
var ele83Facts="Bismuth has unusually high electrical resistance for a metal"
var ele84Facts="Polonium is obtained by irradiating bismuth with high-energy neutrons or protons"
var ele85Facts="Astatine is preferentially concentrated in the thyroid gland"
var ele86Facts="Upon condensation, radon glows because of the intense radiation it produces"
var ele87Facts="Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis"
var ele88Facts="Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame"
var ele89Facts="Actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light"
var ele90Facts="Thorium fuel research is continuing in several countries including the USA and India"
var ele91Facts="Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements"
var ele92Facts="Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile"
var ele93Facts="Neptunium is obtained as a by-product from nuclear reactors"
var ele94Facts="The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945 had a plutonium core"
var ele95Facts="Americium often enters landfills from discarded smoke detectors"
var ele96Facts="Curium accumulates in the bones, lungs and liver, where it promotes cancer"
var ele97Facts="Just over one gram of berkelium has been produced in the United States since 1967"
var ele98Facts="Californium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators"
var ele99Facts="Einsteinium is the first divalent metal in the actinide series"
var ele100Facts="Sixteen isotopes of fermium are known to exist"
var ele101Facts="Mendelevium was the first element to be produced one atom at a time"
var ele102Facts="Nobelium is a divalent ion in aqueous solution"
var ele103Facts="Lawrencium is a trivalent ion in aqueous solution"
var ele104Facts="Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element"
var ele105Facts="The Berkeley team proposed the name hahnium for the element"
var ele106Facts="There are 12 known isotopes of seaborgium"
var ele107Facts="The only confirmed example of isomerism in bohrium is in the isotope <sup>262</sup>Bh"
var ele108Facts="More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date"
var ele109Facts="Meitnerium has 7 isotopes whose half-lives are known"
var ele110Facts="Darmstadtium has no stable or naturally-occurring isotopes"
var ele111Facts="Roentgenium has no stable or naturally-occurring isotopes"
var ele112Facts="Copernicium has no stable or naturally-occurring isotopes"
var ele113Facts="Nihonium is historically known as eka-thallium"
var ele114Facts="The longest-lived isotope currently known is <sup>289</sup>Fl"
var ele115Facts="Moscovium is historically known as eka-bismuth"
var ele116Facts="Livermorium is historically known as eka-polonium"
var ele117Facts="Tennessine is historically known as eka-astatine"
var ele118Facts="Oganesson is historically known as eka-radon"

var ele1Dangers="Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to safety, from fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure form"
var ele2Dangers="Helium is not known to be toxic"
var ele3Dangers="Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact"
var ele4Dangers="Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care"
var ele5Dangers="Elemental boron, boron oxide, boric acid, borates and many organoboron compounds are non-toxic"
var ele6Dangers="Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal"
var ele7Dangers="Rapid release of nitrogen gas into an enclosed space can displace oxygen, and therefore represents an asphyxiation hazard"
var ele8Dangers="Oxygen gas can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems"
var ele9Dangers="Fluorine is highly toxic and corrosive"
var ele10Dangers="Neon is not known to be toxic"
var ele11Dangers="Sodium metal should be handled with great care as it cannot be maintained in an inert atmosphere"
var ele12Dangers="Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal"
var ele13Dangers="Aluminum is not known to be toxic"
var ele14Dangers="If breathed in as a fine silica/silicate dust, it may cause chronic respiratory problems"
var ele15Dangers="White phosphorus is highly toxic while red phosphorus is considered non-toxic"
var ele16Dangers="Elemental sulfur is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele17Dangers="Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous"
var ele18Dangers="Argon is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele19Dangers="Potassium must be handled with great care with full skin and eye protection"
var ele20Dangers="Calcium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele21Dangers="Scandium is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele22Dangers="Titanium metal is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele23Dangers="All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic"
var ele24Dangers="In larger amounts, chromium can be toxic and carcinogenic"
var ele25Dangers="Excess manganese, particularly inhalation of the powder, is toxic"
var ele26Dangers="Iron is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele27Dangers="Cobalt and its compounds are considered to be slightly toxic"
var ele28Dangers="Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic"
var ele29Dangers="Cooking acidic food in copper pots can cause toxicity"
var ele30Dangers="Zinc is not considered to be particularly toxic"
var ele31Dangers="Gallium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele32Dangers="Germanium is not known to be toxic"
var ele33Dangers="Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous"
var ele34Dangers="Many of selenium's compounds, such as selenates and selenites, are highly toxic"
var ele35Dangers="Bromine is poisonous and causes skin burns"
var ele36Dangers="Krypton is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele37Dangers="Rubidium is not known to be toxic"
var ele38Dangers="Strontium's non-radioactive isotopes are considered non-toxic"
var ele39Dangers="Exposure to yttrium compounds in humans may cause lung disease"
var ele40Dangers="Zirconium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele41Dangers="Some niobium compounds are highly toxic"
var ele42Dangers="Molybdenum is toxic in all but small quantities"
var ele43Dangers="Technetium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele44Dangers="Ruthenium is a suspected carcinogen and its compounds strongly stain the skin"
var ele45Dangers="Rhodium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele46Dangers="Palladium is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele47Dangers="Silver is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele48Dangers="Cadmium and its compounds are highly toxic"
var ele49Dangers="Indium is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele50Dangers="Tin is considered to be non-toxic but most tin salts are toxic"
var ele51Dangers="Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic"
var ele52Dangers="Tellurium and tellurium compounds are considered to be mildly toxic"
var ele53Dangers="Elemental iodine is toxic if taken orally"
var ele54Dangers="Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic"
var ele55Dangers="Cesium compounds are considered to be mildly toxic"
var ele56Dangers="Water-soluble barium compounds are poisonous"
var ele57Dangers="Lanthanum and its compounds are considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele58Dangers="Cerium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele59Dangers="Praseodymium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele60Dangers="Neodymium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele61Dangers="Promethium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele62Dangers="Samarium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele63Dangers="Europium is considered to be mildly toxic"
var ele64Dangers="Gadolinium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele65Dangers="Terbium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele66Dangers="Dysprosium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele67Dangers="Holmium is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele68Dangers="Erbium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele69Dangers="Thulium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele70Dangers="Ytterbium is considered to be moderately toxic"
var ele71Dangers="Lutetium is considered to be non toxic"
var ele72Dangers="Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele73Dangers="Tantalum is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele74Dangers="Tungsten is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele75Dangers="Very little is known about the toxicity of rhenium"
var ele76Dangers="Even low concentrations in air can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage"
var ele77Dangers="Iridium is considered to be of low toxicity"
var ele78Dangers="Platinum is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele79Dangers="Gold is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele80Dangers="Mercury and most of its compounds are highly toxic"
var ele81Dangers="Thallium and its compounds are highly toxic"
var ele82Dangers="Lead and its compounds are poisonous"
var ele83Dangers="Bismuth is considered to be non-toxic"
var ele84Dangers="Polonium is highly dangerous and radioactive"
var ele85Dangers="Astatine is highly radioactive"
var ele86Dangers="Radon is highly radioactive and a carcinogen"
var ele87Dangers="Francium is highly radioactive"
var ele88Dangers="Radium is highly radioactive and carcinogenic"
var ele89Dangers="Actinium is highly radioactive"
var ele90Dangers="Thorium is highly radioactive"
var ele91Dangers="Protactinium is toxic and highly radioactive"
var ele92Dangers="Uranium is toxic and highly radioactive"
var ele93Dangers="Neptunium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele94Dangers="Plutonium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele95Dangers="Americium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele96Dangers="Curium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele97Dangers="Berkelium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele98Dangers="Californium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele99Dangers="Einsteinium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele100Dangers="Fermium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele101Dangers="Mendelevium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele102Dangers="Nobelium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele103Dangers="Lawrencium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele104Dangers="Rutherfordium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele105Dangers="Dubnium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele106Dangers="Seaborgium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele107Dangers="Bohrium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele108Dangers="Hassium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele109Dangers="Meitnerium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele110Dangers="Darmstadtium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele111Dangers="Roentgenium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele112Dangers="Copernicium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele113Dangers="Nihonium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele114Dangers="Flerovium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele115Dangers="Moscovium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele116Dangers="Livermorium is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele117Dangers="Tennessine is harmful due to its radioactivity"
var ele118Dangers="Oganesson is harmful due to its radioactivity"

var ele1Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure hydrogen"
var ele2Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure helium"
var ele3Desc="0.5 grams lithium under argon"
var ele4Desc="Pure beryllium bead, 2.5 grams"
var ele5Desc="Pure crystalline boron, front side"
var ele6Desc="Ultrapure carbon as graphite"
var ele7Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure nitrogen"
var ele8Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure oxygen"
var ele9Desc="Fluorine gas, but only as photomontage, because fluorine reacts even with glass"
var ele10Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure neon"
var ele11Desc="Sodium metal from the Dennis s.k collection"
var ele12Desc="Magnesium swarf in a glass jar"
var ele13Desc="Chunk of aluminum"
var ele14Desc="Close up photo of a piece of purified silicon"
var ele15Desc="Red phosphorus as powder"
var ele16Desc="A sample of sulfur"
var ele17Desc="Pure liquid chlorine under a pressure of 8 bars"
var ele18Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure argon"
var ele19Desc="Potassium pearls under paraffin oil"
var ele20Desc="Pure calcium in a protective argon gas atmosphere"
var ele21Desc="Ultrapure crystalline scandium"
var ele22Desc="A titanium crystal bar made by the iodide process at URALREDMET in the Soviet era"
var ele23Desc="Vanadium crystals made by electrolysis"
var ele24Desc="High purity chromium crystals, produced by chemical transport reaction through decomposition of chromium iodides, as well as a high purity chromium cube for comparison"
var ele25Desc="Small pieces of manganese"
var ele26Desc="Pure iron chips, electrolytically refined, as well as a high purity iron cube for comparison"
var ele27Desc="Pure cobalt chips, electrolytically refined, as well as a high purity cobalt cube for comparison"
var ele28Desc="A sheet of nickel"
var ele29Desc="Macro of native copper"
var ele30Desc="A sheet of zinc"
var ele31Desc="Crystals of gallium"
var ele32Desc="Ultrapure chunk of polycrystalline germanium"
var ele33Desc="Ultrapure metallic arsenic under argon"
var ele34Desc="Ultrapure black, amorphous selenium"
var ele35Desc="Pure liquid bromine"
var ele36Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure krypton"
var ele37Desc="Rubidium metal sample from the Dennis s.k collection"
var ele38Desc="The chemical element strontium as a synthetic made crystals, sealed under argon in a glas ampoule"
var ele39Desc="High purity yttrium"
var ele40Desc="Two samples of crystal bar showing different surface textures as well as a highly pure zirconium cube for comparison"
var ele41Desc="Ultrapure niobium bead, slightly oxidized"
var ele42Desc="Molybdenum with rough, oxidized surface"
var ele43Desc="Emilio Segrè, one of the discoverer of the element"
var ele44Desc="Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal"
var ele45Desc="Rhodium powder"
var ele46Desc="Palladium crystal"
var ele47Desc="A pure silver crystal, synthetic electrolytic made with visible dendritic structures"
var ele48Desc="A crystal cadmium bar made by the flux process"
var ele49Desc="Ingot of 40 grams of indium"
var ele50Desc="Droplet of solidified molten tin"
var ele51Desc="Ultrapure metallic antimony piece"
var ele52Desc="Metallic tellurium"
var ele53Desc="Pure crystalline iodine"
var ele54Desc="Vial of glowing ultrapure xenon"
var ele55Desc="Cesium metal sample from the Dennis s.k collection"
var ele56Desc="Barium with a grey oxide layer under argon"
var ele57Desc="Pure lanthanum"
var ele58Desc="Ultrapure cerium under argon"
var ele59Desc="Ultrapure praseodymium pieces under argon"
var ele60Desc="Ultrapure neodymium under argon"
var ele61Desc="Pitchblende, a uranium ore and the host for most of Earth's promethium"
var ele62Desc="Ultrapure sublimated samarium"
var ele63Desc="Weakly oxidized europium, hence slightly yellowish"
var ele64Desc="Ultrapure amorphous gadolinium"
var ele65Desc="Pure terbium"
var ele66Desc="Ultrapure dysprosium dendrites"
var ele67Desc="Ultrapure holmium"
var ele68Desc="Ultrapure erbium with cut traces"
var ele69Desc="Ultrapure crystalline thulium"
var ele70Desc="Ultrapure ytterbium"
var ele71Desc="Ultrapure piece of lutetium"
var ele72Desc="Electrolytic hafnium"
var ele73Desc="Tantalum pieces"
var ele74Desc="Tungsten rod with oxidized surface"
var ele75Desc="A high purity rhenium single crystal made by the floating zone process, an ebeam remelted rhenium bar and as well as a high purity rhenium cube for comparison"
var ele76Desc="Osmium crystals produced by chemical transport reaction in chlorine gas"
var ele77Desc="Pieces of pure iridium"
var ele78Desc="A native platinum nugget"
var ele79Desc="Synthetic made gold crystals by the chemical transport reaction in chlorine gas"
var ele80Desc="Element mercury in liquid form"
var ele81Desc="Pure thallium under argon"
var ele82Desc="Ultrapure lead bead"
var ele83Desc="Bismuth crystal with fancy oxide film"
var ele84Desc="Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory"
var ele85Desc="Emilio Segrè, one of the discoverer of the element"
var ele86Desc="Illustration of radon"
var ele87Desc="Illustration of francium"
var ele88Desc="Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory"
var ele89Desc="Illustration of actinium"
var ele90Desc="The Earth's thorium originated in the death throes of ancient stars"
var ele91Desc="Illustration of protactinium"
var ele92Desc="A billet of highly enriched uranium"
var ele93Desc="Edwin McMillan, one of the discoverer of the element"
var ele94Desc="A ring of weapons-grade 99.96% pure electrorefined plutonium, enough for one bomb core"
var ele95Desc="A small disc of Am-241 under the microscope"
var ele96Desc="Illustration of curium"
var ele97Desc="The 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley"
var ele98Desc="Illustration of californium"
var ele99Desc="Einsteinium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test"
var ele100Desc="Fermium was first observed in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test"
var ele101Desc="The element is named to honor Dmitri Mendeleev, the developer of the periodic table of elements"
var ele102Desc="Illustration of nobelium"
var ele103Desc="Illustration of lawrencium"
var ele104Desc="The element is named after Ernest Rutherford who became known as the father of nuclear physics"
var ele105Desc="The element is named after after the Russian town of Dubna, the location of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research"
var ele106Desc="The element is named after Glenn T. Seaborg, atomic pioneer and Commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission"
var ele107Desc="The element is named after Niels Bohr, a Danish nuclear physicist"
var ele108Desc="The element was discovered at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany"
var ele109Desc="The element was discovered at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany"
var ele110Desc="The element was discovered at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany"
var ele111Desc="The element was discovered at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany"
var ele112Desc="The element was discovered at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany"
var ele113Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"
var ele114Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"
var ele115Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"
var ele116Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"
var ele117Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"
var ele118Desc="The element was discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia"

var ele1Isotopes="Isotopes of Hydrogen"
var ele2Isotopes="Isotopes of Helium"
var ele3Isotopes="Isotopes of Lithium"
var ele4Isotopes="Isotopes of Beryllium"
var ele5Isotopes="Isotopes of Boron"
var ele6Isotopes="Isotopes of Carbon"
var ele7Isotopes="Isotopes of Nitrogen"
var ele8Isotopes="Isotopes of Oxygen"
var ele9Isotopes="Isotopes of Fluorine"
var ele10Isotopes="Isotopes of Neon"
var ele11Isotopes="Isotopes of Sodium"
var ele12Isotopes="Isotopes of Magnesium"
var ele13Isotopes="Isotopes of Aluminum"
var ele14Isotopes="Isotopes of Silicon"
var ele15Isotopes="Isotopes of Phosphorus"
var ele16Isotopes="Isotopes of Sulfur"
var ele17Isotopes="Isotopes of Chlorine"
var ele18Isotopes="Isotopes of Argon"
var ele19Isotopes="Isotopes of Potassium"
var ele20Isotopes="Isotopes of Calcium"
var ele21Isotopes="Isotopes of Scandium"
var ele22Isotopes="Isotopes of Titanium"
var ele23Isotopes="Isotopes of Vanadium"
var ele24Isotopes="Isotopes of Chromium"
var ele25Isotopes="Isotopes of Manganese"
var ele26Isotopes="Isotopes of Iron"
var ele27Isotopes="Isotopes of Cobalt"
var ele28Isotopes="Isotopes of Nickel"
var ele29Isotopes="Isotopes of Copper"
var ele30Isotopes="Isotopes of Zinc"
var ele31Isotopes="Isotopes of Gallium"
var ele32Isotopes="Isotopes of Germanium"
var ele33Isotopes="Isotopes of Arsenic"
var ele34Isotopes="Isotopes of Selenium"
var ele35Isotopes="Isotopes of Bromine"
var ele36Isotopes="Isotopes of Krypton"
var ele37Isotopes="Isotopes of Rubidium"
var ele38Isotopes="Isotopes of Strontium"
var ele39Isotopes="Isotopes of Yttrium"
var ele40Isotopes="Isotopes of Zirconium"
var ele41Isotopes="Isotopes of Niobium"
var ele42Isotopes="Isotopes of Molybdenum"
var ele43Isotopes="Isotopes of Technetium"
var ele44Isotopes="Isotopes of Ruthenium"
var ele45Isotopes="Isotopes of Rhodium"
var ele46Isotopes="Isotopes of Palladium"
var ele47Isotopes="Isotopes of Silver"
var ele48Isotopes="Isotopes of Cadmium"
var ele49Isotopes="Isotopes of Indium"
var ele50Isotopes="Isotopes of Tin"
var ele51Isotopes="Isotopes of Antimony"
var ele52Isotopes="Isotopes of Tellurium"
var ele53Isotopes="Isotopes of Iodine"
var ele54Isotopes="Isotopes of Xenon"
var ele55Isotopes="Isotopes of Cesium"
var ele56Isotopes="Isotopes of Barium"
var ele57Isotopes="Isotopes of Lanthanum"
var ele58Isotopes="Isotopes of Cerium"
var ele59Isotopes="Isotopes of Praseodymium"
var ele60Isotopes="Isotopes of Neodymium"
var ele61Isotopes="Isotopes of Promethium"
var ele62Isotopes="Isotopes of Samarium"
var ele63Isotopes="Isotopes of Europium"
var ele64Isotopes="Isotopes of Gadolinium"
var ele65Isotopes="Isotopes of Terbium"
var ele66Isotopes="Isotopes of Dysprosium"
var ele67Isotopes="Isotopes of Holmium"
var ele68Isotopes="Isotopes of Erbium"
var ele69Isotopes="Isotopes of Thulium"
var ele70Isotopes="Isotopes of Ytterbium"
var ele71Isotopes="Isotopes of Lutetium"
var ele72Isotopes="Isotopes of Hafnium"
var ele73Isotopes="Isotopes of Tantalum"
var ele74Isotopes="Isotopes of Tungsten"
var ele75Isotopes="Isotopes of Rhenium"
var ele76Isotopes="Isotopes of Osmium"
var ele77Isotopes="Isotopes of Iridium"
var ele78Isotopes="Isotopes of Platinum"
var ele79Isotopes="Isotopes of Gold"
var ele80Isotopes="Isotopes of Mercury"
var ele81Isotopes="Isotopes of Thallium"
var ele82Isotopes="Isotopes of Lead"
var ele83Isotopes="Isotopes of Bismuth"
var ele84Isotopes="Isotopes of Polonium"
var ele85Isotopes="Isotopes of Astatine"
var ele86Isotopes="Isotopes of Radon"
var ele87Isotopes="Isotopes of Francium"
var ele88Isotopes="Isotopes of Radium"
var ele89Isotopes="Isotopes of Actinium"
var ele90Isotopes="Isotopes of Thorium"
var ele91Isotopes="Isotopes of Protactinium"
var ele92Isotopes="Isotopes of Uranium"
var ele93Isotopes="Isotopes of Neptunium"
var ele94Isotopes="Isotopes of Plutonium"
var ele95Isotopes="Isotopes of Americium"
var ele96Isotopes="Isotopes of Curium"
var ele97Isotopes="Isotopes of Berkelium"
var ele98Isotopes="Isotopes of Californium"
var ele99Isotopes="Isotopes of Einsteinium"
var ele100Isotopes="Isotopes of Fermium"
var ele101Isotopes="Isotopes of Mendelevium"
var ele102Isotopes="Isotopes of Nobelium"
var ele103Isotopes="Isotopes of Lawrencium"
var ele104Isotopes="Isotopes of Rutherfordium"
var ele105Isotopes="Isotopes of Dubnium"
var ele106Isotopes="Isotopes of Seaborgium"
var ele107Isotopes="Isotopes of Bohrium"
var ele108Isotopes="Isotopes of Hassium"
var ele109Isotopes="Isotopes of Meitnerium"
var ele110Isotopes="Isotopes of Darmstadtium"
var ele111Isotopes="Isotopes of Roentgenium"
var ele112Isotopes="Isotopes of Copernicium"
var ele113Isotopes="Isotopes of Nihonium"
var ele114Isotopes="Isotopes of Flerovium"
var ele115Isotopes="Isotopes of Moscovium"
var ele116Isotopes="Isotopes of Livermorium"
var ele117Isotopes="Isotopes of Tennessine"
var ele118Isotopes="Isotopes of Oganesson"
